What is hemoglobin? Causes of high and low levels. HGB test

Hemoglobin is a vital protein found in red blood cells which rich in iron, captures the oxygen drawn into the lungs and delivers it to the organs with blood. Changes in hemoglobin levels give very important information about general health. For this reason, hemoglobin values are also examined in blood tests for diagnosis of many diseases. Low hemoglobin levels are indicative of anemia. If you have problems such as extreme fatigue, shortness of breath, heart rhythm disorder and headache, this may be an indication that your hemoglobin level is low. In this case, your doctor may ask you to take the HGB test.

What is hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin deficiency can cause symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness or shortness of breath. If your HGB level is high, the main causes can be blood disorder (polycythemia vera), smoking, and diarrhea (dehydration).

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What is the structure of hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin gives the blood its red color and is responsible for the shape of red blood cells that resemble round cups but have a thin center rather than a hole in the middle. In this way, red blood cells can move easily in the blood vessels. As in sickle cell anemia, hemoglobin anomaly leads to shape problems in red blood cells.

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hemoglobin levels give important information about health

Normal value of hemoglobin HGB

In adult men, the average HGB level is slightly higher than in women. Measured in grams (d / dL) per deciliter.

• The normal hemoglobin value in women; 12.5 to 15.5
• Normal hemoglobin value in men; 13.5 to 17.5

Normal hemoglobin levels in the blood

Hemoglobin values according to age ranges:

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Hemoglobin values in infants

Hemoglobin test

• There may be other individuals with blood disorders in your family, such as sickle cell anemia.
• You may not have enough iron in your diet.
• You may have lost a lot of blood as a result of surgery or traumatic injury.
• There may be an infection.
• You may be pregnant.
• You may have a medical condition that may affect your Hgb level.

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What is the hemoglobin test for?

• To check your overall health,
• diagnose a medical condition,
• monitor a medical condition.

What is Hemoglobin A1c test?

The hemoglobin A1c test (HbA1c) is a blood test used to measure blood glucose levels. It works both in the diagnosis of diabetes and in blood glucose measurement in patients with diabetes. When blood sugar levels rise, some glucose will bind to hemoglobin. The hemoglobin type to which it binds is hemoglobin A and the result of this combination is called glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c). As the blood sugar increases, the HbA1c test results also increase.

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For a person without diabetes, a normal A1c level is below 5.7%. If your level of A1c is between 5.7% and 6.4%, you have prediabetes, which means that you have a high risk of developing diabetes in the future. An A1c level of 6.5% or higher indicates that you have diabetes. An A1c level of over 8% means that your diabetes is not well controlled and that you have a higher risk of developing diabetes complications. The A1c test is a standardized, reliable test that has been refined using clinical trial data.

What causes low hemoglobin levels?

Other diseases that may cause hemoglobin are:

• Excessive anemia
• Cancer
• Anti-retroviral drugs and chemotherapy drugs used for HIV infection
• Chronic kidney disease
• Cirrhosis
• Hodgkin lymphoma
• Hypothyroidism
• Plumbism
• Leukemia
• Multiple myeloma
• Myelodysplastic syndromes
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
• Vitamin deficiency anemia

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• Spleen growth (splenomegaly)
• Hemolysis
• Porphyria
• Sickle cell anemia
• Thalassemia
• Vasculitis (blood vessel inflammation)

HGB deficiency may also be due to blood loss caused by:

• Bleeding of a wound
• Problems such as ulcers, cancer or hemorrhoids causing bleeding in digestive tract
• Bleeding in urinary tract
• Frequent blood donation
• Menorrhagia (heavy menstruation)

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Symptoms of low hemoglobin

• Exhaustion
• Skin disease
• Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
• Abnormal or rapid heartbeat
• Chest pain
• Cold, swollen hands or feet
• Headache
• Problems with physical activity

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Treatment of low hemoglobin

Iron supplement

If you have a low HGB, you may need to take an oral iron supplement. However, taking too much iron can cause side effects such as cirrhosis, liver diseases, constipation, nausea and vomiting. Depending on the underlying condition that causes your hemoglobin low, you should begin to see a difference in your iron level from about one week to one month. Decide the appropriate dose with your doctor and avoid taking more than 25 mg at a time. The recommended dose is 8 mg per day for men and up to 18 mg per day for women. The recommended dose for pregnant women is 27 mg daily.

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Always keep iron supplements out of the reach of children. Children have lower blood volumes, which makes them more vulnerable to iron poisoning. If your child has mistakenly received iron supplements, call your doctor immediately.

What are the foods that increase hemoglobin levels?

• Liver and offal
• Shellfish
• Broccoli
• Ornamental kale
• Green beans
• Cabbage
• Beans and lentils
• Bean curd
• Fried potatoes
• fortified grains and enriched bread

Folate is a vitamin B that your body uses to produce and produce red blood cells containing HGB. Without adequate folate, your red blood cells will not mature. This may lead to folate deficiency anemia and low hemoglobin levels.

Foods containing folate:

• Beef
• Spinach
• Black eyed pea
• Avocado
• Lettuce
• Rice
• Beans
• Peanut

Causes of high hemoglobin count

• To live in places with less oxygen in the air at high altitudes
• Smoking or consuming different tobacco products.
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A condition that prevents air from entering your lungs.
• Stay seriously dehydrated
• Heart failure and other heart diseases
• Use high erythropoietin to improve physical performance.
• Liver cancer
• Kidney cancer
• Emphysema and other lung diseases
• Polycythemia vera

What is polycythemia vera?

This is a slow-growing blood cancer in which your bone marrow makes too many red blood cells. These excess cells thicken your blood, slowing its flow. It may be due to genetic reasons as well as can be seen in people having low blood oxygen levels for a long time. If the blood flows too slow or clots, the cells cannot get enough oxygen. This may cause serious complications such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Polycythemia vera is most commonly seen in men over 60 years of age.

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Symptoms of high hemoglobin count

• Itching
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Easily bruising or bleeding
• Sweating more than normal
• Painful joint swelling
• Abnormal weight loss
• Yellowing of eyes and skin
• Feeling tired
• A purple or reddish tone on the skin

High hemoglobin count treatment

• Phlebotomy: This is a blood collection procedure. The healthcare professional transfers the blood drawn from you into a bag or into a container, until your hemoglobin level returns to normal. One of the main goals of this treatment is to reduce the risk of blood clots and related adverse events. Phlebotomy is still used in the treatment of diseases that cause hemoglobin elevation such as polycythemia vera. It is also used in the treatment of conditions such as chronic lung diseases and cyanotic heart disease which cause hemoglobin elevation.
• Drink plenty of water: When you are dehydrated, your hemoglobin level rises. This is due to a decrease in blood volume. Acute dehydration may increase the hemoglobin concentration by 10-15%. Especially during exercise, drinking plenty of water is important to maintain normal hemoglobin levels.
• Quit smoking: If you smoke and your hemoglobin is increasing chronically, the best way to reduce it is to stop smoking. In the researches, it was observed that hemoglobin levels of people who quit smoking returned to normal.

Hemoglobin diseases

Hemoglobin C disease

It is usually seen in black race. For the development of the disease, both the mother and the father should have a diseased gene. In general, the symptoms are few. The severity of anemia changes. In people with this disease, especially in children, abdominal and joint pain, spleen expansion and mild jaundice can be seen. There are no serious crises as in sickle cell anemia but it can cause gallbladder stones.

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Sickle cell anemia

Sickle cell anemia is a serious disease caused by a mutation in the gene in the beta chain of hemoglobin. In this disease, red blood cells take the shape of a crescent or sickle. Due to these forms, they block the small blood vessels and prevent blood flow. Sickle cell anemia causes inflammation, blood clots, red blood cell damage, lack of oxygen, and ultimately, organ damage. Intermittent attacks may cause severe pain, pulmonary insufficiency and stroke.

Hemoglobin S-C disease

Hemoglobin S-C disease occurs in people with a copy of the gene for sickle cell anemia and a copy of the hemoglobin C disease gene. This disease is more common than hemoglobin C disease and its symptoms are the same as sickle cell anemia yet milder. However, can cause blood in the urine, spleen growth, retinal bleeding, and problems in the hip joint.